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It is a chloride-dependent and sodium-independent antiporter of Cys and Glu, consisting of catalytic subunit xCT/Solute Carrier Family 7 Member 11 (SLC7A11) and regulatory subunit 4F2 (4F2hc)/Solute Carrier Family 3 Member 2 (SLC3A2) connected by disulfide bonds (Gochenauer and Robinson, 2001

Yes, several conditions can affect B12 absorption

The binding of these toxins to glutathione molecules is taxing on the bodys glutathione stores

These effects were linked to reduced oxidative and carbonyl stress through activation of the AsA-GSH cycle, upregulation of antioxidant enzyme activities and gene expression (SOD, APX, GR, DHAR, MDHAR, POD, and GST), enhanced glyoxalase system (Gly I and II), and osmolyte (proline) accumulation