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Markunas and colleagues (Markunas et al., 2014) showed that DNA methylation is changed in 110 gene regions and notably FRMD4A , a gene associated with Alzheimer disease (AD) and nicotine dependence and CNTNAP2 , a gene associates with neural development, autism spectrum disorder, schizophrenia, and language impairment

41, 92, 97, 124: Presley, Spitz 2005, pp

Orleans CT, Rimer BK, Fleisher L

Proposed benefits: Lobeline may reduce nicotine cravings by occupying acetylcholine receptors without producing full activation, essentially blocking nicotine's rewarding effects.11 This mechanism drove its historical use as a smoking cessation aid among Eclectic physicians