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15 (suppl 4):iv117-iv125

Forget, B

Smokeless tobacco Smokeless tobaccocomposed of fermented plant materials, alkaline additives (e.g., sodium carbonate), and carcinogenic nitrosaminesdiffers fundamentally from combustible cigarettes and aerosolized ECs by delivering nicotine and toxins through direct mucosal contact rather than inhalation, a distinction that reshapes its biological interactions and uniquely perturbs oral microbial ecosystems through pH modulation, xenobiotic exposure, and epithelial barrier disruption

With the entirety of the company's revenue base lying outside the U.S., the resounding strength of the dollar has hamstrung Philip Morris International's results in recent quarters far more than any operational issues