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A 2015 Centers for Disease Control & Prevention study found that water-pipe use nearly doubled among high school students between 2013 and 2014, from 5.2% to 9.4%, or from approximately 700,000 to 1.3 million students

Organizing pneumonia related to electronic cigarette use: A case report and review of literature

Impaired endothelial function, arterial stiffness, increased inflammation, lipid alteration, and prothrombotic factors are associated with smoking and appear to initiate as well as accelerate the atherothrombotic process, eventually leading to cardiovascular events 3

Industry averages provide a starting point, but individual variations in user experiences can significantly impact the equivalence