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ROS are products of normal physiologic metabolism in cells, but their excessive production seriously threatens cellular homeostasis and leads to oxidative tissue damage 41,42

Its chemical stability and non-toxic copper delivery capacity further underscore its utility as a molecular tool for investigating gene expression, tissue regeneration, and copper-mediated biochemical processes (Pickart, Vasquez-Soltero, and Margolina 2012)

GSH can also modulate the activity of ion channels, transporters, and enzymes, including glutamate transporters, voltage-gated ion channels, and nitric oxide synthase, through redox-sensitive mechanisms

Understanding recurrence