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Our second evidence synthesis was a systematic review of primary studies on the benefits and harms of e-cigarettes for smoking cessation,23 which updated an existing Cochrane review from 2016.86 Although Cochrane has since transformed its review into a living systematic review,24 it had not yet done so when we developed our evidence review protocol.87 The Evidence Review and Synthesis Centre at the University of Ottawa conducted the systematic reviews according to our protocol.87 Peer-reviewed search strategies (using the Peer Review of Electronic Search Strategies checklist88) were conducted in MEDLINE, Embase, PsycINFO, and the Cochrane Library in September 2020