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As a British consular official remarked shortly after the abolition of slavery, In the process of sugar making, the more skilled liberto is generally employed within the boiling house while the free laborer does the rougher task of cutting and carrying the cane.Footnote 54 The issue of dependability was central, since in the first three years after abolition former slaves were bound to employers in an apprenticeship system: The liberto is appreciated not only on account of his superior ability for the work, but also because he is available at all times, and cannot leave his employment during a busy season.Footnote 55 The freedmen were working side by side with the white native and the British black,Footnote 56 and furthermore, according to historian Andrs Ramos Mattei, the skills of some of these libertos placed them in a superior position in the hierarchy of the labor regime in many haciendas.Footnote 57 The sugar industry and sugar-producing zones experienced a boom in the early twentieth century due to the inclusion of Puerto Rico within the tariff wall of the United States after 1902, while the highland coffee economy began a simultaneous process of contraction