Dimensions: 5228 x 3485 px | 44.3 x 29.5 cm | 17.4 x 11.6 inches | 300dpi Date taken: 20 March 2026 Location: Hamilton North Carolina USA
harm reduction non-cigarette tobacco products public policy tobacco industry toxicology Statistics from Altmetric.com Introduction Tobacco use is the leading cause of preventable disease and death worldwide.1 The WHO states that the tobacco epidemic kills more than 8 million people annually.2 In the USA, the 1964 Surgeon General Report linked smoking cigarettes to deleterious health effects, such as lung cancer.3 This landmark in the history of tobacco research and policy transpired, although slowly, into more research and regulations on tobacco in the following decades.4 On the other hand, it also triggered faster adaptation from the industry, which introduced filtered, low-tar, light, ultralight and mentholated cigarettes as supposedly safer alternatives5 that were not, in fact, safer than their predecessors.68 More recently, the tobacco industry has promoted alternative products, like electronic cigarettes and heated tobacco products (HTPs), with a claimed potential of reduced risk and harm.911 Analogous with other industries,12 13 tobacco companies promote safer products as a narrative directed towards health-conscious consumers and policymakers.14 A remarkable example was the introduction of IQOS, an HTP branded by tobacco giant Philip Morris International (PMI), into the US market after securing a premarket tobacco application from the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA).15 16 A year later, the FDA authorised the advertisement of IQOS as a modified risk tobacco product (MRTP),17 18 with modified exposure but not modified risk claims.18 The MRTP application relies on a theoretical benefit of tobacco harm reduction based on data presented by the industry.1921 However, researchers affiliated with or supported by the industry have communicated risks in a way that minimises harm,22 created a false impression of unbiased research,23 highlighted favourable results24 and ignored unfavourable ones,25 26 concealed industry support27 28 or published in industry-dominated journals.29 These tactics jeopardise research integrity,3033 and scepticism is warranted when dealing with industry-sponsored data.14 34 Moreover, recently publicised industry documents indicated that industry research was several years ahead of independent research.34 These observations highlight the need to scrutinise industry data and emphasise the importance of independent research to verify emissions, health effects and public health impact of newly introduced tobacco products.3537 In this paper, we report a systematic literature review conducted to assess the distribution of published data on IQOS between PMI-sponsored research (affiliated authors or funded studies) and independent research
For the best athletic benefit, most nutritionists recommend the equivalent of one to two cups of coffee about an hour or 90 minutes before training or a game
Yes, nicotine may influence stress hormones, circulation, and sleep quality, which can indirectly affect testosterone production
