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At the same time, the amount and quality of scientific evidence have not been sufficient to determine whether e-cigarettes may help most smokers to quit or prevent tobacco smoking.31 According to the WHO, member countries should regulate e-cigarettes to avoid promotion and intake by non-smokers, pregnant women and youths.32 A systematic review of literatures by Hartwell et al 4 revealed that the usage of e-cigarettes is higher among young adults, in higher socio-economic classes, and among individuals with a higher level of education.4 The use of e-cigarettes is on the rise and a significant amount of research has been undertaken from a small selection of high-income countries.1 2 8 12 33 34 In general, the use of e-cigarette is increasing among young adults as well as among the general adult population across many countries

doi:10.1161/ATVBAHA.113.300156