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The Convergent Immunopathogenesis of Cigarette Smoke Exposure: From Oxidative Stress to Epigenetic Reprogramming in Chronic Disease How does smoking affect your anatomy and physiology? Tobacco use imposes a hereditary burden upon offspring. It elevates the risk of birth defects by 68% and the incidence of brain abnormalities, such as anencephaly (a condition characterized by incomplete brain Naringenin attenuated airway cilia structural and functional injury induced by cigarette smoke extract via IL 17 and cAMP pathways ScienceDirect
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