intracellular glutathione metabolism (GSH), a powerful antioxidant, plays a 2 Interplay between intracellular cysteine

It typically presents as macrocytic megaloblastic anemia and neurological impairments, including sensory and motor disfunctions, predominantly in the lower extremities, ataxia, and in more advanced stages cognitive decline progressing to dementia, as well as psychiatric disturbances ( Subclinical B12 deficiency, however, is far more prevalent, affecting up to 26% of the general population

TABLE 1 Advantages and disadvantages of 2D and 3D-cell cultures as model of neurodevelopmental and neurodegenerative diseases and mitochondrial disorders

Their growing popularity, especially within the biohacking and bodybuilding communities, comes largely from the fact that they carry significantly fewer side effects and pose less risk of organ damage

Yue-Yu Gu, [email protected] These authors have contributed equally to this work This article was submitted to Renal Pharmacology, a section of the journal Frontiers in Pharmacology Disclaimer All claims expressed in this article are solely those of the authors and do not necessarily represent those of their affiliated organizations, or those of the publisher, the editors and the reviewers