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erinaceus polysaccharides promote the synthesis of nerve growth factor (NGF), inhibit -amyloid (A) cytotoxicity, and protect neuronal cells from apoptosis induced by oxidative stress or endoplasmic reticulum stress

This leads to increased production of anti-inflammatory mediators (e.g., IL-10) and antimicrobial peptides, ultimately reducing inflammation (Venegas et al., 2019)

However, critical evaluation requires acknowledging limitations: many studies lack the sample sizes and rigorous controls standard for Western regulatory purposes, independent replication has been limited, and long-term safety data in large human cohorts is lacking

Store in a cool, dark and dry place below 25C