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Consistently, a large retrospective cohort study comparing schizophrenia spectrum ( n = 1,217) and affective disorders ( n = 2,264) showed that although individuals with schizophrenia experienced earlier cognitive concerns and earlier dementia diagnosis, their rate of cognitive decline was gradual (approximately 11.4 MMSE points/year) rather than rapidly progressive, arguing against a predominant fast-decliner phenotype (35)

This permits the measurement of the two major metabolic pathways, oxidative phosphorylation, represented by oxygen consumption rate (OCR), and glycolysis, represented by extracellular acidification rate (ECAR) in live cells in real-time

Nevertheless, the underlying mechanisms and their potential clinical relevance remain to be fully understood (86)

Iturria-Medina et al., 2016), measures of brain structure can provide tangible insight into whether exercise as a therapeutic intervention is efficacious for slowing the rate of atrophy with age and neurodegenerative disease