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Below, we describe some of the most prominent research to date: Aging and oxidative stress In 2006, a mouse study determined that levels of polyamines, and spermidine specifically, decrease with age.8 Now, as Dr

Nitric Oxide

Glucosinolates and their breakdown products in food and food plants

Nootropic ingredients to limit or avoid There arent many common nootropic ingredients that are inherently dangerous, but there are a few with higher risks than most: Vinpocetine can induce miscarriages or birth defects if taken while pregnant77 Huperzine A can cause acetylcholine toxicity if taken in high doses for too long70 Certain populations may also want to limit their exposure to ashwagandha, as anecdotal evidence suggests it can lead to miscarriages and thyroid complications highlighted in case studies78 100 34 These effects have not been firmly established by research, but those with thyroid issues or those pregnant or planning to become pregnant may want to look elsewhere