4 The protective role of taurine in the pathological injury of the male reproductive system 4.1 The protective role of taurine in sperm preservation in vitro 4.1.1 Hypothermic preservation Semen preservation is the key to in vitro fertilization and artificial insemination, usually including hypothermic preservation (typically above 0C but below normothermic 32C to 37C mammalian temperatures) and cryopreservation(196 to 80 C) (53)
doi: 10.1097/00006454-200103000-00016 80 HegstadK.MylvaganamH.JaniceJ.JosefsenE.SivertsenA.SkaareD
In skeletal muscles of these animals, Akt/mTOR/p70 S6K signaling is decreased and MAFbx/Atrogin-1 is increased [76,172], and transgenic overexpression of IGF-1 inhibited muscle atrophy [167]
This transporter localizes to the trans-Golgi network or late endosomes under basal conditions, but it relocalizes in a copper-dependent manner to a subapical, vesicular compartment, which facilitates both copper incorporation into ceruloplasmin and biliary copper excretion via lysosomes.180 Apart from copper, Long-Evans Cinnamon rats also have abnormal hepatic accumulation of iron.181 Chronic copper/iron accumulation in these rats leads to a 50% increase in lipid peroxidation, presumably due to copper/iron capability to induce oxidative stress by generating ROS via both mitochondrial dysfunction182 and Fenton-type, copper/iron-catalyzed Haber-Weiss reaction.183,184 These mutant rats exhibit a reduced basal bile salt-biliary excretion compared with normal, Long-Evans Agouti rats
