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doi:10.1016/j.exger.2024.112522 About TFA salt Trifluoroacetic acid (TFA) is a common counterion from the purification process using High-Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC)

J Biol Chem 283(14):90899100 Dorsey ER, Constantinescu R, Thompson JP, Biglan KM, Holloway RG, Kieburtz K, Marshall FJ, Ravina BM, Schifitto G, Siderowf A, Tanner CM (2007) Projected number of people with Parkinson disease in the most populous nations, 2005 through 2030

This is referred to as de novo synthesis of choline

however, MEL is also used for sleep-wake cycle disturbances in blind people and shift workers and in patients with neurodegenerative, liver, and cardiovascular diseases