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Cellular actions of the insulin-like growth factor binding proteins

Introduction Cataracts Cataracts, characterized by progressive opacification of the ocular lens, are the leading cause of visual impairment and blindness worldwide (1)

Extensive empirical evidence indicates that deficiencies in vitamin D, B vitamins, and other micronutrients are linked to an increased incidence of depression (4, 5), especially among women and overweight older adults (6)

For example, kynurenine restrains melanoma and endothelioma cellular proliferation [136, 137], impairing DNA synthesis and inducing necrosis in melanoma cells, while promoting the -catenin pathway and colon cancer cells multiplication in a dose-dependent manner [138]