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Preclinical evidence: -viniferin and neuroprotection Beyond topical applications, preclinical research explores the potential systemic effects of other viniferin isomers

Rabbit anti-NLRP3 antibody (1:50, ab270449, Abcam) and rabbit anti-GSDMD-N antibody (1:200, DF12275, Affinity Biosciences) were mixed with rabbit anti-Iba-1 antibody (1:100, ab178847, Abcam), respectively, and then incubated with the sections at 4C overnight

FIGURE 5 3.7.3 Metabolic pathway analysis Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) pathway enrichment analysis was used to analyze the differential metabolic pathways

Pro-inflammatory cytokines like TNF-alpha, IL-1beta, and IL-6 damage surviving nerve fibers, interfere with Schwann cell repair functions, and create a hostile environment for axonal regrowth