10.1016/j.cyto.2014.10.027 25
Abnormalities in mitochondria signaling lead to the production of free radicals like reactive oxygen species (ROS), which causes DNA damage, affecting neural plasticity and behavior [150]
Active ingredients of Chinese medicine Salvianolic acid (salvianolic acid A and salvianolic acid B) is an active ingredient extracted from the Chinese medicine Salvia miltiorrhiza (Danshen), which has effects on oxidative stress, myocardial fibrosis, platelet aggregation, coagulation, thrombosis, endothelial dysfunction and inflammation in the cardiovascular system ( 1/Smad2/3-mediated collagen deposition and suppressed the thioredoxin-interacting protein (TXNIP)/NLRP3/IL-1 and IL-18 signaling pathways, significantly improving cardiac function and reducing susceptibility to AF and duration ( Tanshinone IIA is a fat-soluble active ingredient of salvia miltiorrhiza, with anticoagulant, anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, anti-fibrotic, and immunomodulatory effects ( Panax notoginseng saponins (PTS) is the main active component of the Chinese medicine Panax notoginseng, which is often used clinically in the treatment of myocardial ischemia, atherosclerosis, coronary artery disease, and myocardial fibrosis
FIGURE 2 Epigenetic modifications in key genes related to stress and immunity, such as nuclear receptor subfamily three group C member 1 (NR3C1), TNF, and nuclear factor kappa B (NF-B), modulate both the negative feedback of the HPA axis and inflammatory pathways mediated by NF-B, suggesting a link between endocrine dysregulation and immune activation (Palma-Gudiel et al., 2021)
