Flowers are held in impressive upright racemes (flower spikes with a short stem attaching each flower to the main stalk) of blue, white or yellow flowers
Since the first discovery of flavonoid in 1937, a number of flavonoid sulfates with structural variation were reported in various plant species ( After completion of biosynthesis, secondary metabolites like GSLs and flavonoids, which are present at high concentrations in the cell, need to be imported into the vacuole ( Figure 2 , the identity is unknown), stored there or further metabolized and/or transported ( Figure 3 , transporters 16 and 17)
The bioavailability problem Absorption comparison: Injection: 80-100% bioavailability (nearly all absorbed) Nasal spray: 30-70% bioavailability (varies by peptide) Oral: 0-5% bioavailability (most peptides destroyed) Why nasal lower than injection: Must penetrate nasal mucosa (barrier) Some drips down throat (swallowed = lost) Variable absorption efficiency Technique-dependent Individual variation high What this means: You need MORE peptide via nasal spray Typically 2-3x higher dose than injection Example: 1mg injection = 2-3mg nasal Increases cost significantly But still cheaper/easier than injection for some Conversion guidelines by peptide PT-141: Injection: 1.5-2mg typical dose Nasal equivalent: 3-5mg Conversion ratio: 2-3x Semax: Designed for nasal use (no conversion needed) Standard nasal dose: 200-600mcg per spray 2-3 sprays per nostril typical Follow product guidelines BPC-157 (if attempting nasal): Injection: 250-500mcg Nasal (estimated): 750-1500mcg But: Injection or oral likely better Nasal BPC-157 not well-studied General conversion approach: Start with 2-3x injection dose Assess results after 2-3 uses Increase by 25-50% if weak effects Find minimum effective nasal dose Individual variation significant Cost implications: Using 2-3x more peptide = 2-3x cost Nasal spray more expensive per dose Trade-off: Convenience vs cost Worth it for needle-phobic Not worth it if injections acceptable Use peptide cost calculator to compare routes
The authors reported that peak citrulline concentration occurred with a 15 g dose (3849 190 mol.l 1 ), which was significantly higher (+ 28.4%) compared to 10 g citrulline (2756 170 mol.l 1 )
