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Future research should focus on larger, well-designed clinical trials to clarify efficacy, dose-response relationships, and long-term safety

In this study, we demonstrate that 4-HNE is generated during bacterial infection both in cell culture and in vivo , is able to penetrate the bacterial cell envelope and access the cytoplasm, and that 4-HNE generation leads to bacterial growth delay or death

Glutarate, a product of lysine or tryptophan catabolism, is a particularly interesting metabolite, as it can be conjugated to proteins or nonprotein substrates (for example, fatty acids), with diverse outcomes for mitochondrial function 5,6,7 , metabolism 8 and T cell immunity 9

Clioquinol promotes cancer cell toxicity through tumor necrosis factor alpha release from macrophages