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Intriguingly, recent research has shown that lactate is not only essential for efferocytosis but also for sustaining efferocytosis-induced macrophage proliferation, a process responsible for increasing the number of macrophages capable of performing continuous efferocytosis, thus contributing to the resolution of inflammation and tissue repair [87] (Fig

Furthermore, shikonin significantly downregulated the protein expression of toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) and phosphorylated nuclear factor-kappa B (NF-B)

GSH is also involved in amino acid transport and maintenance of protein sulfhydryl reduction status

Apolipoprotein E is a ligand for triggering receptor expressed on myeloid cells 2 (TREM2)