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Statistical analysis Data are expressed as mean standard deviation, unless indicated otherwise

These include five essential coenzymes required for catalysis and, in plants, fungi, and in animals such as birds and mammals, two regulatory enzymes: a pyruvate dehydrogenase kinase (EC 2.7.11.2) and a pyruvate dehydrogenase phosphatase (EC 3.1.3.43)

Multiple studies have shown that NAC supplementation (600-8,000 mg/day) can increase CD4+ T-cell counts, reduce viral load markers, and improve survival in HIV-positive individuals (Herzenberg et al., Proc Natl Acad Sci, 1997) [38]

Hydrophobic residues (such as Leu and Ala) cover the surface of the active cavity, which reduces the hydrophobic complementarity between the enzyme and the substrate, and further inhibits the catalytic efficiency (Hu et al., 2022b)