glutathione heptamethine cyanine Frontiers Self-assembled heptamethine cyanine dye dimer

The development of neurological disorders has also resulted from mutation or deficiency of this enzyme [42, 52]

This process involves both molecular and morphological changes in the astrocytes, including increased expression of GFAP, vimentin and nestin, uptake of excitotoxic glutamate, protection from oxidative stress by the production of GSH, neuroprotection by release of adenosine, degradation of amyloid-beta peptides, facilitation of blood-brain barrier, increased formation of gap junctions between astrocytes, formation of scars and, in some cases release of inflammatory cytokines, including tumor necrosis factor- (TNF-), and production of ROS [3,35,38-40]

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Stacking peptides increases both potential efficacy and complexity