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The innate immune system utilizes a series of receptors, including Toll-like receptors and Nod-like receptors 9,10,11 , which bind to fragments of PG, such as the synthetic fragments muramyl dipeptide (MDP) and muramyl tripeptide (MTP), to generate the proper immune response 12,13,14 (Fig

Injections can be once a month, once a week, or twice a week

Additionally, S-Acetyl-L-glutathione has demonstrated potential in inducing apoptosis in some tumor cell lines, suggesting its utility in oxidative stress and cancer therapy

Thus, chemically modified nucleotides may include modified nucleobases, modified sugars, and/or non-phosphodiester linkages (i.e., backbone modifications)