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Still, as metformin inhibits the respiratory chain complex I, and FH deficiency leads to a decreased OXPHOS activity, it is unclear whether this treatment would be beneficial [118]

doi: 10.3389/fphar.2025.1695992 Received 31 August 2025 Revised 26 October 2025 Accepted 27 October 2025 Published 10 November 2025 Volume 16 - 2025 Edited by Galina Sudina, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Russia Reviewed by Sarah Farid, Ain Shams University, Egypt Mustafa Can Guler, Atatrk University, Trkiye Updates Copyright 2025 Lin, Alhaskawi, Chen and Moqbel

The body has several natural defense mechanisms to neutralize free radicals and reactive oxygen species, including enzymes such as superoxide dismutase and catalase, and antioxidants such as vitamin C, vitamin E, and glutathione

Research shows that subjects using IGF-1 LR3 during a 20% caloric deficit while maintaining high protein intake lost fat without measurable lean mass reduction, whereas those with protein intake below 1.6 g/kg showed no advantage over placebo