BP@CeO x showed the same three characteristic Raman peaks of BP nanosheets, which were ascribed to one out-of-plane phonon mode ( A 1 g ) at 363 cm -1 , and two in-plane modes ( B 2g and A 2 g ) at 439 and 467 cm -1 , respectively, suggesting that the combination of CeO x did not cause the structural transformation of pure BP
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NAD+ vs NMN vs NR (and IV vs SubQ) NAD+ Delivery Comparison Feature Mechanism NAD+ Injection (SubQ) Direct coenzyme delivery NAD+ Infusion (IV) Direct coenzyme delivery Oral NMN NAD+ precursor (converted in vivo) Oral NR (Niagen) NAD+ precursor (converted in vivo) Feature Typical research-planning dose NAD+ Injection (SubQ) 50-100 mg, 2-3x/week NAD+ Infusion (IV) 250-1,000 mg per session Oral NMN 300-600 mg/day Oral NR (Niagen) 300-1,000 mg/day Feature Speed to systemic NAD+ rise NAD+ Injection (SubQ) Hours NAD+ Infusion (IV) Minutes to hours Oral NMN Days to weeks Oral NR (Niagen) Days to weeks Feature Strongest human evidence NAD+ Injection (SubQ) Limited NAD+ Infusion (IV) Pilot PK and historical case reports Oral NMN Growing RCT base Oral NR (Niagen) Strongest RCT base Feature Convenience NAD+ Injection (SubQ) At-home injection technique required NAD+ Infusion (IV) Clinic visit, 2-4 hour infusion Oral NMN Daily oral capsule Oral NR (Niagen) Daily oral capsule Feature Regulatory status NAD+ Injection (SubQ) Not FDA-approved
Finally, using transcription factor motif analysis, we observed that there is more than one binding site motif for ATF4 in the upstream promoter (approximately 1000 bp upstream of the transcription start site) regions of GPX4 , GSS , NFE2L2 , ATG3 , ATG4D , and other genes, and all the sites have the [TGACGTGGC(A/G)] basic motif sequence (Figure 5E)
