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When the intracellular concentrations of Ca 2+ reach sufficient levels in astrocytes, the fusion of vesicles containing gliotransmitters such as glutamate and ATP is induced, and the gliotransmitters are released by exocytosis (84) (Fig

Cysteine is known to stimulate glutathione synthesis[23], and cysteine availability is often the limiting factor for intracellular glutathione synthesis[24]

At the BP level of GO enrichment, the enriched terms included important metabolic processes comprising the synthesis, breakdown, and transformation of molecules such as nucleotides, nucleosides, monocarboxylic acids, and ATP (Fig

In addition, ODC is another transcriptional target of c-MYC, and activation of c-MYC increases ODC expression (Bello-Fernandez et al., 2016)