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In vitro and animal studies have found that lipoic acid exhibits immunomodulatory properties through mechanisms that stimulate the production of cyclic AMP (cAMP) (90, 91) a central regulator of innate immune functions and inhibits the migration of immune cells into the brain and spinal cord (92), possibly by decreasing endothelial expression of cell adhesion molecules, inhibiting expression of enzymes like matrix metalloproteinases (MMP), and/or reducing the permeability of the blood-brain barrier (87, 89, 93, 94)

WO 2016196282 A1 (2016)

W., Meena, R., & Luqman, S

Fraxin alleviates LPS-induced ARDS by downregulating inflammatory responses and oxidative damages and reducing pulmonary vascular permeability