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In sepsis-induced acute kidney injury, spermidine improves renal outcomes by acting on macrophages, where it suppresses NLRP3 inflammasome activation and IL-1 production, preserves mitochondrial respiration, and relies on eIF5A hypusination to regulate macrophage function 118

While research is still evolving, the compound has gained attention because of its potential connection to biological aging, sleep regulation, and cellular repair pathways

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found that IL-33 could activate the NF-kB signaling pathway, which in turn could downregulate caspase-3 expression, while increase the expressions of Bcl-2 and Bax, leading to reduce the sensitivity of acute myeloid leukemia to chemotherapy (127)