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As a key transcription factor for antioxidant stress, NRF2 regulates ferroptosis-related target genes by promoting the expression of those involved in redox homeostasis, such as the glutathione (GSH) synthesis pathway genes (e.g., SLC7A11, SLC3A2, GCLM, and GCLC), which play a critical role in neutralizing ROS and lipid peroxides [31]

Research demonstrates that BPC-157 upregulates vascular endothelial growth factor receptor-2 (VEGFR2) at both mRNA and protein levels in endothelial cells without increasing VEGF-A itself, instead sensitizing cells to existing VEGF signaling while simultaneously activating the Src-Caveolin-1-endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS) pathway

The glutathione mechanism blocks tyrosinase, which is an enzyme that makes melanin

Gaernt.)-Chemistry, Bioavailability, and Metabolism