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doi: 10.3389/fcell.2023.1119773 Received 13 December 2022 Accepted 07 February 2023 Published 20 February 2023 Volume 11 - 2023 Edited by Bilal i, Ahi Evran University, Trkiye Reviewed by Jiann-Ruey Hong, National Cheng Kung University, Taiwan Ahmi z, Sleyman Demirel University, Trkiye Updates Copyright 2023 Li, Li, Wang, Li, Wang, Liu, Wang, Zhu, Liu, Ye and Zhang

It is common for Asian communities to utilize AGIs, especially those who consume diets that are high in complex carbohydrates ( 3.5.1 Mechanism of action In the brush border of enterocytes lining the intestinal villi, -glucoside inhibitors (AGIs) competitively inhibit -glucosidase enzymes, preventing the enzymes from cleaving disaccharides and oligosaccharides into monosaccharides ( 3.5.2 Adverse effects of -glucoside inhibitors The common gastrointestinal side effects caused by AGIs, such as flatulence, stomach pain, and diarrhea, may lead patients to discontinue their medication ( 3.6 Dipeptidyl peptidase-4 inhibitors The DPP-4 inhibitors currently on the market are sitagliptin, vildagliptin, saxagliptin, linagliptin, and alogliptin ( 3.6.1 Mechanism of action DPP-4 inhibitors increase levels of incretin hormones in circulation, notably GLP-1 and GIP