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For malabsorption-related deficiency, including PA: lifelong intramuscular injections are currently the best known treatment, because they release B12 directly into the bloodstream

Peptides like BPC-157 or thymosin beta-4 target tissue repair pathways that arent substrate-dependent, so timing flexibility is greater

Vit B12 is naturally found in meat, fish and dairy products

Figures 2, 4) availability is maintained by de novo synthesis from precursor amino acids, (glutamate, cysteine, and glycine), reduction of GSSG by glutathione reductase (GR), and uptake from exogenous GSH sources across plasma membranes (Figure 4) (62, 63)