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According to the Medicare Physician Fee Schedule, the 2026 national reimbursement rate averages $0.04-0.06 per unit (per mg), meaning a 200 mg dose reimburses approximately $8-12 before patient coinsurance and deductibles

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Of particular pathogenic significance, intestinal epithelial TLR4 activation stimulates systemic release of high-mobility group box 1 (HMGB1), a prototypic damage-associated molecular pattern (DAMP) that mediates remote pulmonary parenchymal injury via hematogenous dissemination (Sodhi et al., 2015)