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Moreover, by targeting inflammatory pathways such as NF-B and HIF-1, and reducing pro-inflammatory cytokines, mainly IL-6 and TNF-, these compounds protect against melanocyte loss characteristic of this disorder 150,151

Palmitoyl tripeptide-5 and derivatives Several derivatives have been developed in the 2000s-2010s: Palmitoyl tripeptide-1 (Pal-GHK): combination of native GHK with a palmitic chain for improved topical penetration Palmitoyl tripeptide-5 (Pal-KVK): TGF- growth factor mimetic, documented as collagen inducer Palmitoyl tetrapeptide-7 (Pal-GQPR): studied for cutaneous anti-inflammatory effect These variants all exploit the same principle: short signal peptide + lipid chain for improved membrane penetration while preserving biological activity

Jamtsho T et al

Dysbiosis in the gut bacterial microbiome of patients with uveitis, an inflammatory disease of the eye