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A novel oral carnitine challenge test (OCCT) was recently developed, in which the detection of Ihubacter massiliensis and/or Emergencia timonensis in the human gut can synergistically contribute to diagnosing high-TMAO producers, with 43% sensitivity and 97% specificity (95)

L-carnitines role in fatty acid oxidation and energy metabolism has made it a critical ingredient in sports nutrition and clinical formulations

FIGURE 1 Bile Acid Metabolism Bile acids (BAs) are amphiphilic steroid molecules synthesized from cholesterol in the liver

The rate of L-carnitine biosynthesis in vegetarians is estimated to be around 1.2 mol/kg of body weight/day [7]