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synthesized in house), a combination of Fer-1 and Nec-1s, or vehicle (1% DMSO in PBS) 30 min before the LPS challenge

The media (DMEM, Gibco, Germany) were supplemented with 10% fetal bovine serum (FBS) and 1% penicillin/streptomycin (Gibco, Germany)

4 A selenium-rich spirulina protein (Se-SP) stabilizes mitochondrial membranes during ischemia or hypoxia, thereby preventing permeability transition pore opening, preserving membrane potential, and increasing adenosine triphosphate (ATP) synthesis

In summary, the activation of microglia and astrocytes, and the subsequent release of pro-inflammatory cytokines and ROS, create an unfavorable environment for neuronal damage and death